An Introduction to Solar Radiation is an introductory text on solar radiation, with emphasis on the methods of calculation for determining the amount of solar radiation incident on a surface on the earth. Topics covered include the astronomical relationship between the sun and the earth; thermal radiation; the solar constant and its spectral distribution; and extraterrestrial solar irradiation. This book is comprised of 12 chapters and begins with an overview of the trigonometric relationships between the sun-earth line and the position of an inclined surface, followed by a discussion on the characteristics of blackbody radiation. The next chapter focuses on the solar constant and its spectral distribution, paying particular attention to extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance and the sun's blackbody temperature. Subsequent chapters explore extraterrestrial and radiation incident on inclined planes; the optics of a cloudless-sky atmosphere; solar spectral radiation and total (broadband) radiation under cloudless skies; and solar radiation arriving at horizontal surfaces on the earth through cloudy skies. The ground albedo and its spectral and angular variation are also described, along with insolation on inclined surfaces.
- An Introduction To Solar Radiation
- An Introduction To Solar Radiation Iqbal
- An Introduction To Solar Energy
The last chapter is devoted to instruments for measuring solar radiation, including pyrheliometers and pyranometers. This monograph will serve as a useful guide for energy analysts, designers of thermal devices, architects and engineers, agronomists, and hydrologists as well as senior graduate students. Table of Contents.
Author: Muhammad Iqbal language: en Publisher: Elsevier Release Date: 2012-12-02 PDF Download An Introduction To Solar Radiation Books For free written by Muhammad Iqbal and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-02 with Science categories. An Introduction to Solar Radiation is an introductory text on solar radiation, with emphasis on the methods of calculation for determining the amount of solar radiation incident on a surface on the earth. Topics covered include the astronomical relationship between the sun and the earth; thermal radiation; the solar constant and its spectral distribution; and extraterrestrial solar irradiation.
This book is comprised of 12 chapters and begins with an overview of the trigonometric relationships between the sun-earth line and the position of an inclined surface, followed by a discussion on the characteristics of blackbody radiation. The next chapter focuses on the solar constant and its spectral distribution, paying particular attention to extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance and the sun's blackbody temperature. Subsequent chapters explore extraterrestrial and radiation incident on inclined planes; the optics of a cloudless-sky atmosphere; solar spectral radiation and total (broadband) radiation under cloudless skies; and solar radiation arriving at horizontal surfaces on the earth through cloudy skies. The ground albedo and its spectral and angular variation are also described, along with insolation on inclined surfaces.
The last chapter is devoted to instruments for measuring solar radiation, including pyrheliometers and pyranometers. This monograph will serve as a useful guide for energy analysts, designers of thermal devices, architects and engineers, agronomists, and hydrologists as well as senior graduate students. Liou language: en Publisher: Elsevier Release Date: 2002-05-09 PDF Download An Introduction To Atmospheric Radiation Books For free written by K. Liou and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-05-09 with Science categories. This Second Edition of An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation has been extensively revised to address the fundamental study and quantitative measurement of the interactions of solar and terrestrial radiation with molecules, aerosols, and cloud particles in planetary atmospheres. It contains 70% new material, much of it stemming from the investigation of the atmospheric greenhouse effects of external radiative perturbations in climate systems, and the development of methodologies for inferring atmospheric and surface parameters by means of remote sensing. Liou's comprehensive treatment of the fundamentals of atmospheric radiation was developed for students, academics, and researchers in atmospheric sciences, remote sensing, and climate modeling.
Balanced treatment of fundamentals and applications Includes over 170 illustrations to complement the concise description of each subject Numerous examples and hands-on exercises at the end of each chapter. Author: Michael E.
Mackay language: en Publisher: Oxford University Press Release Date: 2015-06-18 PDF Download Solar Energy Books For free written by Michael E. Mackay and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-06-18 with TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING categories. The information in this book can be used to teach advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate students the fundamental science and engineering of solar energy technologies. It is written in a way that will allow the reader to generalize the information presented in the book rather than present a compendium of facts.
A concise and detailed review of solar energy and its interaction with materials is first given followed by discussion of photovoltaic devices andsolar thermal technologies like the solar chimney, solar (power) tower, flat plate water heater, and electricity generation. This is a broad and detailed presentation of information that can be used bythe reader to understand existing solar energy related technologies or to design their own. Author: Neil McBride language: en Publisher: Cambridge University Press Release Date: 2004-02-26 PDF Download An Introduction To The Solar System Books For free written by Neil McBride and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-02-26 with Science categories. Compiled by a team of experts, this textbook has been designed for introductory university courses in planetary science. It starts with a tour of the Solar System and an overview of its formation. The composition, internal structure, surface morphology and atmospheres of the terrestrial planets are then described.
This leads naturally to a discussion of the giant planets and why they are compositionally different. Minor bodies are reviewed and the book concludes with a discussion of the origin of the Solar System and the evidence from meteorites. Written in an accessible style that avoids complex mathematics, and illustrated in colour throughout, this book is suitable for self-study and will appeal to amateur enthusiasts as well as undergraduate students. It contains numerous helpful learning features such as boxed summaries, student exercises with full solutions, and a glossary of terms. The book is also supported by a website hosting further teaching materials. Author: Gaylon S.
Campbell language: en Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media Release Date: 2012-12-06 PDF Download An Introduction To Environmental Biophysics Books For free written by Gaylon S. Campbell and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories. From reviews of the first edition: 'well organized. Recommended as an introductory text for undergraduates' - AAAS Science Books and Films 'well written and illustrated' - Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.
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Abstract This book was written for energy analysts, designers of thermal devices, photovoltaic engineers, architects, agronomists, and hydrologists who must calculate an amount of solar radiation incident on a surface. Includes reading lists, diagrams, a subject index and tables with useful data. Contents, abridged: Sun-earth astronomical relationship. The solar constant and its spectral distribution. Extraterrestrial solar irradiation.
Solar spectral radiation under cloudless skies. Solar radiation under cloudy skies. Grand albedo. Solar radiation measuring instruments.
Solar Constant and 'Sun Value' The irradiance of the sun on the outer atmosphere when the sun and earth are spaced at 1 AU - the mean earth/sun distance of 149,597,890 km - is called the solar constant. Currently accepted values are about 1360 W m -2 (the NASA value given in ASTM E 490-73a is 1353 ±21 W m -2). The World Metrological Organization (WMO) promotes a value of 1367 W m -2. The solar constant is the total integrated irradiance over the entire spectrum (the area under the curve in Figure 1 plus the 3.7% at shorter and longer wavelengths.
An Introduction To Solar Radiation
The irradiance falling on the earth's atmosphere changes over a year by about 6.6% due to the variation in the earth/sun distance. Solar activity variations cause irradiance changes of up to 1%.
An Introduction To Solar Radiation Iqbal
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An Introduction To Solar Energy
For, it is convenient to describe the irradiance of the simulator in “suns.” One “sun” is equivalent to irradiance of one solar constant. Download al fiqh al muyassar pdf files. Terrestrial Spectra The spectrum of the solar radiation at the earth's surface has several components (see Figure 2). Direct radiation comes straight from the sun, diffuse radiation is scattered from the sky and from the surroundings.
Additional radiation reflected from the surroundings (ground or sea) depends on the local 'albedo.' The total ground radiation is called the global radiation. The direction of the target surface must be defined for global irradiance. For direct radiation the target surface faces the incoming beam. Jean jacques rousseau the second discourse pdf download. All the radiation that reaches the ground passes through the atmosphere, which modifies the spectrum by absorption and scattering. Atomic and molecular oxygen and nitrogen absorb very short wave radiation, effectively blocking radiation with wavelengths.
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The Changing Terrestrial Solar Spectrum Absorption and scattering levels change as the constituents of the atmosphere change. Clouds are the most familiar example of change; clouds can block most of the direct radiation. Seasonal variations and trends in ozone layer thickness have an important effect on terrestrial ultraviolet level. The ground level spectrum also depends on how far the sun's radiation must pass through the atmosphere. Elevation is one factor. Denver has a mile (1.6 km) less atmosphere above it than does Washington, and the impact of the time of year on solar angle is important, but the most significant changes are due to the earth's rotation (see Figure 4). At any location, the length of the path the radiation must take to reach ground level changes as the day progresses.
So not only are there the obvious intensity changes in ground solar radiation level during the day, going to zero at night, but the spectrum of the radiation changes through each day because of the changing absorption and scattering path length. With the sun overhead, direct radiation that reaches the ground passes straight through the entire atmosphere, all of the air mass, overhead.
We call this radiation 'Air Mass 1 Direct' radiation, and for standardization purposes we use a sea level reference site. The global radiation with the sun overhead is similarly called 'Air Mass 1 Global' (AM 1G) radiation. Because it passes through no air mass, the extraterrestrial spectrum is called the 'Air Mass 0' spectrum. The atmospheric path for any zenith angle is simply described relative to the overhead air mass (Figure 4). The actual path length can correspond to air masses of less than 1 (high altitude sites) to very high air mass values just before sunset. Our Oriel Solar Simulators use filters to duplicate spectra corresponding to air masses of 0, 1, 1.5 and 2, the values on which most comparative test work is based. Standard Spectra Solar radiation reaching the earth's surface varies significantly with location, atmospheric conditions including cloud cover, aerosol content, and ozone layer condition, and time of day, earth/sun distance, solar rotation and activity.
Since the solar spectra depend on so many variables, standard spectra have been developed to provide a basis for theoretical evaluation of the effects of solar radiation and as a basis for simulator design. These standard spectra start from a simplified (i.e. Lower resolution) version of the measured extraterrestrial spectra, and use sophisticated models for the effects of the atmosphere to calculate terrestrial spectra. The most widely used standard spectra are those published by The Committee Internationale d'Eclaraige (CIE), the world authority on radiometeric and photometric nomenclature and standards.
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) publish three spectra - the, AM 1.5 Direct and for a 37° tilted surface. The conditions for the AM 1.5 spectra were chosen by ASTM 'because they are representative of average conditions in the 48 contiguous states of the United States'. Figure 5 shows typical differences in standard direct and global spectra. These curves are from the data in ASTM Standards, E 891 and E 892 for AM 1.5, a turbidity of 0.27 and a tilt of 37° facing the sun and a ground albedo of 0.2. Table 1 Power Densities of Published Standards Solar Condition Standard Power Density (Wm -2) Total 250 - 2500 nm 250 - 1100 nm WMO Spectrum 1367 AM 0 ASTM E 490 1353 1302.6 1006.9 AM 1 CIE Publication 85, Table 2 969.7 779.4 AM 1.5 D ASTM E 891 768.3 756.5 584.7 AM 1.5 G ASTM E 892 963.8 951.5 768.6 AM 1.5 G CEI/IEC. 904-3 1000 987.2 797.5. Integration by modified trapezoidal technique CEI - Commission Electrotechnique Internationale IEC - International Electrotechnical Commission The appearance of a spectrum depends on the resolution of the measurement and the presentation.
Figure 6 shows how spectral structure on a continuous background appears at two different resolutions. It also shows the higher resolution spectrum smoothed using Savitsky-Golay smoothing. The solar spectrum contains fine absorption detail that does not appear in our spectra. Figure 7 shows the detail in the ultraviolet portion of the World Metrological Organization's (WMO) extraterrestrial spectrum. Figure 7 also shows a portion of the CEI AM 1 spectrum.
The modeled spectrum shows none of the detail of the WMO spectrum, which is based on selected data from many careful measurements. The spectra we present for our product, and most available reference data, is based on measurement with instruments with spectral resolutions of 1 nm or greater. The fine structure of the solar spectrum is unimportant for all the applications we know of; most biological and material systems have broad radiation absorption spectra. Spectral presentation is more important for simulators that emit spectra with strong line structure. Low resolution or logarithmic plots of these spectra mask the line structure, making the spectra appear closer to the sun's spectrum. Broadband measurement of the ultraviolet output results in a single total ultraviolet irradiance figure.
This can imply a close match to the sun. The effect of irradiance with these simulators depends on the application, but the result is often significantly different from that produced by solar irradiation, even if the total level within specified wavelengths (e.g.
UVA, 320 - 400 nm) is similar. Geometry of Solar Radiation The sun is a spherical source of about 1.39 million km diameter, at an average distance (1 astronomical unit) of 149.6 million km from earth. The direct portion of the solar radiation is collimated with an angle of approximately 0.53° (full angle), while the 'diffuse' portion is incident from the hemispheric sky and from ground reflections and scatter. The 'global' irradiation, the sum of the direct and diffuse components, is essentially uniform. Since there is a strong forward distribution in aerosol scattering, high aerosol loading of the atmosphere leads to considerable scattered radiation appearing to come from a small annulus around the solar disk, the solar aureole. This radiation mixed with the direct beam is called circumsolar radiation.
Advantages of Simulators; Predictable, Steady Output Outdoor exposure is the ultimate test of the weather resistance for any material or product. Solar Simulators offer significant advantages because of the unpredictable variation and limited availability of solar radiation.
With a simulator, you can carry out tests when you want to, and continue them 24 hours a day, and you can control the humidity and other aspects of the local environment. You can repeat the same test in your laboratory or at any other site, and you can relate the exposure to the internationally accepted solar irradiation levels. As with direct solar irradiance, you can concentrate the beam for accelerated testing.